Power over Peoples Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Power over Peoples - Essay Example Western Imperialism or ‘the expansion of Europe’ manifested itself in two phases: the Old Empires of the 16th century, and the New Imperialism of the mid 19th centuries. Technology counts as one of the major contributing factors to the success of the western imperialism mostly in the New Imperialism as it advantaged the Europeans and their associates, making them succeeded in controlling many states of the globe. They could travel over long seas in steamships and boats, travel and transport widely by use of railways, conquer more states because they had better armor, and lastly their development in medicine saw them withstand such in the different cultures they embarked on. Technology here refers to the extensive ability that humans can acquire from the use of environmental energy and materials in doing what the body cannot do on its own. When technology changes for the better, or advances, it is referred to as superior technology, superior in that it gives one powers mo re than nature, such as using a machine to travel farther, and faster. Technology favored the Western Imperialism as they had two main sources of innovation that is culture and the competitive nature of the West. Culture enabled them to rule over nature through scientific experiments and research. The competitiveness of the western states made each state to strive for gain of advantage over the other in a bid to control more of the outside world than other states. Historians have long tried to define some occurrence in the Western Imperialism without much success. The myth in it is that the New Imperialism spread so fast in less time, and was more successful than the Old Imperialism. Did the use of fast growing technology facilitate the success of the New Imperialism in a shorter time than did the Old Empires? In addition, did the impact of imperialism force the affected to react by innovating means of survival? From Chapter 1: Discovery and conquering of the Seas Headrick (2010) ex plains the mastering of the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans, revealing that the move was not for exploration. Rather, it was due to the quest of religious, commercial, and military dominance over other cultures. He uses Portugal to elaborate the onset of nautical innovations that saw it rise to form an empire of the Indian Ocean. At first, it was so unlikely for Portugal to raise to such heights, owing to its approximate population of a million people, most of who were fishermen and farmers, and its lack of resources that made it a poor state. In addition, it appeared unstable because of its ever-in-war status with North African Muslims and the Castile (Headrick, 2010). However, they defied these odds and went on to acquire their empire status, a first in Europe, powered by some factors such as the urge of Christians to fight Muslims even after leaving Portugal that made them find means of pursuing them. Then there was the craving for gold and spices, both of which led to them inventing navigation and ships. To add to their success was Henry the Navigator, son of King John I, an explorer and soldier who trained people in map-making and navigation. He is responsible for the success of the Portuguese in sailing to the African West Coast to defeat the Muslims, spread Christianity, and establish new trade routes (Headrick, 2010). The English and Dutch later joined in exploring the Asian coasts and offered stiff

Assessing The Ethical Foreign Policy Makers Politics Essay

Assessing The Ethical Foreign Policy Makers Politics Essay Kant states that we are rational beings; we can free ourselves from the casual necessity of the ordinary world of feelings and inclinations, and can follow the pure moral law, given by reason alone. The debate of means and ends is deeply involved in ethics and ethical foreign policy. Academics suggest that means and goals should be judged by the same set of ethical principles. Often actions that states undertake for a particular purpose can be ethical or unethical. Ethics can be defined as a complete and coherent system of convictions, values and ideas that provides a grid within which some sort of actions can be classified as evil, and so to be avoided, while other sort of actions can be classified as good, and so to be tolerated or even pursued  [1]   If ethics involves a choice between what is morally right and what is morally wrong, the possibility for ethical actions in foreign policy has proven in the past to be quite limited. Ethical foreign policy What passes for ethical standards for governmental policies in foreign affairs is a collection of moralisms, maxims, and slogans, which neither help nor guide, but only confuse, decision  [2]  . DEAN ACHESON Foreign policy is the area of politics that seeks to bridge the boundary between the nation state and its international environment. It refers to decision and actions that involve relations between an independent actor and other actors in the international arena  [3]  . The essential aims of foreign policy are the promotion of safety and prosperity. Sometimes domestic, international and regional actors and factors limit this aims. It has been argued by analysts that morality sits poorly to political action. This is due to the fact that is not always possible to make the best choice, and often the chosen one could be quite far from what is considered the best possible in the political world. Analysts suggest that an ethical foreign policy could be acceptable if: The procedure of the decision- making meets the demands of democratic decision-making. The consequences of the policy alternatives should be more useful than any alternative options examined. The human rights should not be violated. Idealists, Realists, Pragmatists The idealist school of thought states that ethics should govern all relationships. Furthermore, they argue that morality should not be taken in consideration only in domestic political life and ignored where other nations are concerned. Realists such as Machiavelli and Hobbes argue that the state of war is unavoidable in the world politics. The ethical problem of a separation between action and the notion of justice was central to the thinking of Machiavelli. In The Prince, he offers some immoral advice to the new prince: he must know when to act as a beast, how to look only to appearance, how not to be good. Machiavellis ethics consists in recognizing that the existence of human beings is burdened with conflicts  [4]  . Realists sustain that ethics is cultural and therefore variable and controversial. Pragmatists enunciate that foreign policy cannot be based on an absolute ethical ore unqualified national interest foundation. It must be factor in both but not totally reliant in one or another. The Doctrine of Double Effect and decision-making The principle of double effect states that we are responsible of those consequences of our acts which are both anticipated and intended  [5]  . This principle relies on the fact that states are allowed to carry out certain measures conscious from the fact that the measures have possible negative consequences. This Doctrine has later on combined to the Just War tradition related to the humanitarian military interventions. We are aware that is not ethical to attack non-fighting civilians, but according to the tradition it could be that states can attack morally even though the damages to the non-fighting parties can be anticipated. The moral value is determined by the actors intentions and motives. Nevertheless, it is quite difficult to determine the motives. If we take the example of the US attacking Iraq we cannot draw a line between the interests and the real motives, we do not know if the US wanted to free the people from the dictator or to ensure oil supply. Decision-making and evaluations of their consequences are often uncertain. Actors should evaluate better the consequences of their actions, for example, they should consider the effects of a war that could lead to environmental issues , to violence, that often is directed towards civilians and to the development aid which can lead to corruption of the administration. Often actors ignore such considerations in the pre- decision- making process. Decision-making and ethical evaluation remains an issue. In a representative democracy, citizens elect and authorize decision-makers to make decisions for the state to make decision on their behalf. They estimate how the state is promoting national interest; the foreign policy decision- makers represent their morals especially during the election process. Arnold Wolfers states that foreign policy decision making is not beyond moral judgment but rests on moral choices  [6]  . The National interest A democratic definition of the national interest does not accept the distinction between a morality-based and an interest based foreign policy. Moral values are simply intangible interests  [7]  . JOSEPH S. NYE JR. Democratic governments use strategic deceptions by justifying them with the concept of national interest. The division between what is in the national interest and what can be morally justified is often questionable. The national interest is the taking-for-granted base line for foreign policy within all the major parties ( Diana Francis CCTS REVIEW 33). It is a slippery concept, used to describe as well as prescribe foreign policy. It covers five crucial areas of foreign policy: Security, autonomy, welfare, status and prestige and economy. When we speak about national interest we almost always mean the common good of the members of political communities organized as sovereign states not the common good of nations that is, imagined communities of people united by ethnicity, language, history, culture, mythology or kinship (Anderson 1991)  [8]  . The phrase the national interest masks exactly which values leaders are attempting to promote and which they are willing to sacrifice   [9]  . Morgenthau considered as the ultimate realist philosopher, equated interest defined as power  [10]  . He argues that; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦There is a misconception, usually associated with the general depreciation and moral condemnation of power politics that international politics is so thoroughly evil that it is no use looking for moral limitations of the aspirations for power on the international scene. Yet, if we ask ourselves, what political leaders and diplomats are capable of doing to further the power objectives of their respective nations and what they actually do, we realize that they do less than they actually did in other periods of historyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [11]   In the last decade, western government policy-makers have considered ethics shifting away from the realist approach, where the national interest was the basis of policy-making. This policy shift has meant that the declarations of ethical foreign policy emanating from the governments of leading world powers are often uncritically taken at face value and assumed to be simply the right thing to do (The Guardian, 27 March 1999). The drive to act in the interests of others, rather than in purely national interests, can be seen in the justifications for a host of new policy initiatives including major international involvement in Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, former Yugoslavia, East Timor and Sierra Leone in recent years.  [12]  For many commentators, the new, ethical nature of international foreign policy was given clearest expression in the international communitys support for military intervention in the 1999 Kosovo war  [13]  . The US intervention against Afghanistan in 2001 was framed using an ethical language underlying that the US was caring of others and was not pursuing its national interest. George W. Bush described the bombing of Afghanistan as an action of generosity of America and our allies in the aid of oppressed people of Afghanistan(Bush 2001). The US defence secretary, Donald Rumsfeld stated that the military action was following previous US-led interventions in Kuwait, Northern Iraq, Somalia, Bosnia and Kosovo, for the purpose of denying hostile regimes the opportunity to oppress their own people and other people he continues adding that We stand with those Afghans who are being repressed by a regime that abuses the very people it purports to lead( Rumsfeld 2001). David Chandler argues that western governments justified their military action to remove the Afghan regime, after September 11, through the condemnation of human rights record of the Taliban government, Tony Blair stated that; Look for a moment at the Taliban regime. It is undemocratic. That, goes without saying. There is no sport allowed, or television or photography. No art or culture are permitted Women are treated in a way almost too revolting to be credible. First driven out of university; girls not allowed to go to school; no legal rights; unable to go out of doors without a man. Those that disobey are stoned (Blair 2001). Tony Blairs statement shows again that the US and UK dont give other solution that military intervention. This was a further hint behind ethics, without taking in consideration the consequences on human rights. According to Mary Robinson ethical goals, like human rights protection are held to be moral duties and therefore the responsibility of everyone ( The Guardian, 23 October 1999) The ethical dimension Non- violence leads to the highest ethics, which is the goal of all evolution. Until we stop harming all other living beings, we are still savages  [14]   -Thomas Alva Edison On May 1997, the Labour government returned into power in Britain. An immediate change of the new government was the disclosing of the Mission Statement for the FCO. The Statement reads: The Mission of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office is to promote the national interests of the United Kingdom and contribute to a strong international communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ We shall pursue that Mission to secure for Britain four benefits through our foreign policy, the four benefits being security, prosperity, the equality of life and mutual respect. We shall work though our international forums and bilateral relationships to spread the values of human rights, civil liberties and democracy which we demand for ourselves (FCO, 1997a) Robin Cook (Foreign Secretary) seen as the initiating champion of ethical foreign policy strengthened the launch of the Statement: The Labour Government does not accept that political values can be left behind when we check in our passports to travel on diplomatic business. Our foreign policy must have an ethical dimension and must support the demands of other peoples for the democratic rights on which we insist for ourselves. We will put human rights at the heart of our foreign policy. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office ( Ethics and foreign policypg 15-16) Cook made the arms trade an issue. He made the following commitment in 17 July 1997 during his speech; Britain will refuse to supply the equipment and weapons with which regimes deny the demands of their peoples for human rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(FCO, 1997c) It was evident that such a policy might have consequences for British prosperity. Prosperity and mutual respect in the Mission Statement are described as a product of national interests. This could bring to the result of a trade-off between the two benefits, in other words one benefit could be scarified in order to achieve the other. Interests is associated with prosperity and ethics with mutual respect. This is the reason why potential conflicts between an interest -based foreign policy and a ethically conducted one are caused. For a long time during his career as Foreign Secretary it was difficult to divert the closure that ethical discussions will be adapted only if they were cost free. Cook allowed arms deals to proceed , the sale of Hawk jets and armoured vehicles to Indonesia are an example that ­ breached any possible notion of ethical exports and respect of human rights. In this case Britain has failed to act as a good citizen because it has placed selfish economic advantag e prior to human rights concerns  [15]  . He did, eventually, resign over Iraq, but he never pointed to the ethical contradiction inherent in being prepared to attack another country on the pretext that it had acquired weapons of mass destruction while his own country had them in abundance and was not honouring its NPT treaty obligations to get rid of them  [16]  . In the Blair government, militarism was the favoured mean of action and used as rhetoric of justification. The air attacks on Serbia and Kosovo and the international occupation of the latter were presented as an ethical intervention that are been morally justified. This justification has been used as a reference point for the later justification of the bombardment, invasion and occupation of Afghanistan and Iraq. Tony Blair has argued that it is vital for Britain to have war fighting as part of its way of being in the world. Peacekeeping, he says, is not enough. War fighting is an important element in our diplomac y. But the tone of moral rectitude is ever present  [17]  . The word foreign discourages an ethical approach and is inimical to it. For the British government necessity was the mother of morality. The use of the epithet dimension during the labour government was a wrong move as it has attracted public attention. Unlike previous governments the Labour government created the context for the development of human rights although it has failed in many occasions to live up with these, the labour government had the courage to attempt an ethical dimension to the foreign policy but failed to achieve this. Conclusion To conclude sovereignty is a value. As governments represent a hope and solution for citizens they should pursue an ethical foreign policy. This can aim at a moralizing state behaviour but cannot establish perfection because moral actions are obviously limited by the fear of war and economic collapse, these bring the sates to act in order to prevent threats considering less morality. Before undertaking any kind of actions government need to have a deep expertise of the case and to be morally aware. We can end agreeing with Hoffemann who stated that: the ethical dimension cannot be taken into consideration as todays states are not ready to commit Hara-kiri.

The End of The Storm :: Free Essays Online

The End of The Storm I've heard it said that an institution is the sum of it's parts, but I prefer to think of it as the average of them. My high school, Campbell Hall, was a great school not because of the fact that it had a large number of great faculty members and students, but because it had an eclectic mix of great people. Campbell hall has a diverse mix of forward thinking people being lead by one of the most regressive and closed minded men I have ever met, the Reverend Canon Thomas C. Clark. When I arrived at Campbell Hall in ninth grade I knew that it was Episcopalian, and being a person who is never quite happy with one religion this scared me a little. But I soon found out that chapel included services for Jewish high holy days, Ramadan, and any other religious holidays that were celebrated by the student body. I was extremely impressed with this. But I soon found out that the Administration was not as tolerant as the chaplain in charge with these services. My first problem with Reverend Clark was when, in ninth grade, a friend of mine's older sister was asked to leave school because she was pregnant. I was too young to truly appreciate the lack of compassion shown for this girl then, but I was old enough to know that this was not the right way to handle the situation. My first true confrontation with Reverend Clark was when four people in my twenty-two person sophomore English class were caught cheating on an exam. The high school principal got to the bottom of it and punished the guilty accordingly. A week later my class found out that Reverend Clark had decided to make an example out of these four by suspending the entire English class for a day in hopes of making any future cheaters fear the wrath of their peers as well as that of the administration. Well myself, my class, and the entire student body were not very pleased with this decision, so we decided to show up to class on the day of our suspension anyway. Clark caved in, and we all went to class. But the event which truly confirmed my abhorrence of Reverend Clark was when my friend Andrew wrote a stunning essay for his A.P. English class on the confusions of growing up gay. The End of The Storm :: Free Essays Online The End of The Storm I've heard it said that an institution is the sum of it's parts, but I prefer to think of it as the average of them. My high school, Campbell Hall, was a great school not because of the fact that it had a large number of great faculty members and students, but because it had an eclectic mix of great people. Campbell hall has a diverse mix of forward thinking people being lead by one of the most regressive and closed minded men I have ever met, the Reverend Canon Thomas C. Clark. When I arrived at Campbell Hall in ninth grade I knew that it was Episcopalian, and being a person who is never quite happy with one religion this scared me a little. But I soon found out that chapel included services for Jewish high holy days, Ramadan, and any other religious holidays that were celebrated by the student body. I was extremely impressed with this. But I soon found out that the Administration was not as tolerant as the chaplain in charge with these services. My first problem with Reverend Clark was when, in ninth grade, a friend of mine's older sister was asked to leave school because she was pregnant. I was too young to truly appreciate the lack of compassion shown for this girl then, but I was old enough to know that this was not the right way to handle the situation. My first true confrontation with Reverend Clark was when four people in my twenty-two person sophomore English class were caught cheating on an exam. The high school principal got to the bottom of it and punished the guilty accordingly. A week later my class found out that Reverend Clark had decided to make an example out of these four by suspending the entire English class for a day in hopes of making any future cheaters fear the wrath of their peers as well as that of the administration. Well myself, my class, and the entire student body were not very pleased with this decision, so we decided to show up to class on the day of our suspension anyway. Clark caved in, and we all went to class. But the event which truly confirmed my abhorrence of Reverend Clark was when my friend Andrew wrote a stunning essay for his A.P. English class on the confusions of growing up gay.

John Locke’s Influence on United States Government

John Locke and American Government John Locke is one of the most influential writers and political philosophers in history. On top of that he is most likely the most influential in the forming of the American constitution. Many of the ideas that Locke had formed were used in the creation of the United States Constitution. He left an abundance of thoughts and ideas on human understanding, religion, economics, and politics that still influence the structure, environment, and operation of public administration today. One of Locke’s most noted ideas is his concept of the separation of powers. This concept was the most influential on the structure of American government. The idea behind it was to make sure that no branch of government would attain too much power. This was done through a system of checks and balances in which each branch of government had the power to override another branch in case they did something wrong. The affect this had on American government created the structure that we see today between the Judicial, Legislative, and executive branches. Another one is very well known ideas was the idea of natural rights. The natural rights were rights that every citizen had obtained upon being born. These rights included life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness. Locke had said that these rights should never be able to be taken away by the government. He believed that it was the government’s job to protect these rights of the citizens instead of take them away. Locke had also believed in the consent of the governed. He believed that a group of people could not be governed unless they given consent to the government. Through this he questioned whether monarchy is legitimate if it is not chosen by the people. This led to the idea known as the social contract, in which the government protected the people’s natural rights in exchange for the people’s consent to be governed. John Locke himself had said, â€Å"every man being, as has been should, naturally free, and nothing being able to put himself into subjection to any earthly power, but only his own consent†. John Locke greatly influenced the structure of American government that we have today. Without John Locke and his ideas our government would be completely different and it is possible that the American Revolution would have never happened.

My Favorite Hobbies

Movie is one of my biggest hobbies. Each film has its own beauty, therefore, it’s really hard for me to pick one to be the movie that I like the most. However, according to some films I have watched recently, it is nothing but ‘the pursuit of happiness’ which has great influence on me. The beautiful relationship between father and son is the thing that makes me like it. ‘The pursuit of happiness’ tells us the story of a father and his little son. After a fail investment, the father – which was acted by Will Smith – loses everything: his wife, his house, his money. The only thing that helps the man keep on living is his little son. The whole movie describes those worst days of his life. No money, no place to live, the two men even have to sleep in a public rest – room. I really like the way the main character protects his son, the way he fights against fate and the way he gets back his life. Thanks for the director – Gabriele Muccino – ‘the pursuit of happiness’ has a happy ending. Will Smith is famous for action films but this time, he shows the audience a new appearance. Rarely can I see such a wonderful movie about relationship between father and son like this. It is a bit embarrassing but I still have to admit that I cried when watching this movie. If you are the type of people who like movies about family, you should not miss ‘the pursuit of happiness’. I have many hobbies,such as reading,swimming,and watching TV. But reading is my favourite hobby. I like reading for three reasons. First of all,books introduce me to a new world,which is colorful and without time and space limit,Though reading,I can trace back to ancient Egypt,the cradle of human civilization. It can bring myself to the United states,a glamorous land I have been longing to visit. Secondly,reading can better myself by showing me a new horizon. In the past years,most of my knowledge has been obtained form books. I have learned form many people by reading about their ideas on science,politics,life and society. Thirdly,reading the gap between my dream and my goal. In order to succeed in my career in the future,I must keep reading,thinking and practicing. Reading has become part of my life. Every day,I spend some time reading books,newspaper and magazines. At night,I can hardly go to steep without a novel in my hand.

Boeing 717 Airplane †Double Narrative Creative Writing Story

Boeing 717 Airplane – Double Narrative Creative Writing Story Free Online Research Papers Boeing 717 Airplane Double Narrative Creative Writing Story An airplane (Boeing 717) that loosing every single connection with the ground control, avoided from being crashed into another plane (Boeing 777) in a half of a second. 717s account: Come in Boeing 717, come i†¦.. that was the last words that Eric Kingston, the pilot of this new Boeing 717 heard from the ground control center, before he realized that the communication line is dead, and also his radar. This, and the fact that it was a very cloudy, and dark night, made him completely unaware of his environment- he was totally blind. What happened? asked a panicked voice. It was Cris- his secondary pilot. I don’t know, it seems like we lost the connection to the ground control, and our radar is dead too. He paused but I don’t think we are in problem, the guys down there are good, Im sure they will fix it in no-time he said to calm Cris down, but it did not seem to effect. We are going to die, arent we? asked Cris quietly. No we are not! Relax; everything is going to be okay. After all, Kingston is 55 years old and he is a pilot for nearly 35 years. But Cris was only 21 years old and it was his first flight. He remembered how he didnt want to take Cris with him he is too young Bill! Im not taking him! What am I, a babysitter? he said only two hours ago to Bill Collins- his superior. Relax Eric, he wont do anything to you, but he needs the practice. Kingston knew that he cant argue with him- only because they were friends Collins informed it to him, otherwise, he wouldnt even tell him this until the flight itself. Okay, Ill take him- but if I wont like something that he may do, Im throwing him off. I knew you will agree, I think you will like the kid said Collins with a smile. Like I had a choice, Kingston thought sadly. A sudden roar brought him back from his thoughts. What happened? yelped Cris. Probably one of the passengers got sick, relax. He said. But he himself couldnt. Something happened, he thought. He tried to contact with the ground. Nothing. He tried some more buttons. Still nothing. Then he saw it- a huge silver metal object was approaching toward him very fast, very very fast. He saw it like in a dream, everything suddenly become very slow and clear. A flash of light- he saw his wife and daughter in front of him, another flash- he saw his first flight, another- his wedding, another- his last birthday- he saw all of his life flashes before his eyes. Then, like a warm up of an engine, there was a huge explosion, he heard someone scream, he felt his head knocking into something hard and then it all went dark. What happened? these were the first two words that came out of Kingstons mouth when he woke up 15 seconds afterwards. He felt like he was run over by a car, and was shivering in his seat. It cant be death- he thought. Then he understood. Apparently, Cris grabbed the wheels in the last second and save his, Kingstons and another 100 passengers lives. But the plane was still out of control, and was flipping in the air like a peace of paper in a tornado. Kingston was able to return the plane to his normal position, and all he was able to hear before he said thank you to his secondary pilot and passed out again, was a great applause behind the door. 777s account: Come in Boeing 717, come in†¦. No answer. Come in Boeing 717, come in†¦. Still no answer You are approaching in our course too fast Boeing 717, change course. I repeat- change course Silent. What in the name of god are they doing? asked in astonishment Arthur Present- the main pilot of Boeing 777. I don’t know sir, it looks like they are not going to change their course soon replied his assistant. It was true- the 717 was flying straight toward them. Maybe it’s a problem with our radar sir. Maybe Should I change our course? he asked. No, I have direct orders about the course, stay on it. Yes sir It was indeed very cloudy and dark night, and neither the pilot, nor his assistant suspected that the 717 is completely blind, and it is not going to change its course soon enough. The last few seconds were vital- it was only then when they realized that the 717 was not going to change course at time. They saw the plane in front of them too late to react. The crash was unstoppable. Then the 717 turned sharply, but not sharply enough to avoid some scratches. Or more- before anyone of them was able to understand how lucky they were that the 717s pilot has good instincts, Present began to loose control. We have a fuel leak! shouted the assistant Hold tight! This is going to be very nasty! shouted Arthur through the roars of the back engines. They flipped in the air, as they were starting to dive into the sea- an infinite body of black, scary and unknown water. To imagine the sound of metal that has 500 passengers, weights about 300,000 kg, has 170,000 liters of fuel and 60 meters of wing span, hitting the ocean from 35,000 feet in a speed of 970 k/ph + the gravity force, you need to be there- but almost nobody that was there survived. Neither did them. Research Papers on Boeing 717 Airplane - Double Narrative Creative Writing StoryNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Hockey GameMind TravelThe Spring and AutumnHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionBringing Democracy to AfricaPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is Art

102 Proposal and 2BR02B Professor Ramos Blog

102 Proposal and 2BR02B Quick Write Quick Write What is a problem, local, personal, or national, that you would like to write about? Come up with a few. Proposal Intro Lets go over the  proposal prompt  for the first essay. Brainstorming Lets come up with a big list of problems we can possibly write about. 2BR02B Solution The proposal asks that we define a problem and come up with a solution that we can implement to the problem. It is important in critical thinking to think thought the decisions. If you come up with a solution, you have to think of the implications it will have. Will it lead to problems in the future? While we may not be able to predict with certainty if it will cause problems, we can think through it and anticipate some possible negative outcomes. Obstacles to Critical Thinking The topic is too controversial. The topic hits â€Å"too close to home.† Personal experience with topic. The topic disgusts you. Begin Research Begin researching the problem you are thinking of writing about. Find at least one source to use for your first essay that helps you to define the problem. Do not assume that the problem is real! Question your assumptions and find proof from a reliable source.

Rebuild your career after job loss

Rebuild your career after job loss If you’re reading this, it may be because the worst has already happened: you’ve been laid off or fired. Or perhaps you’re prepping for the doomsday scenario, just in case. Either way, know that a layoff or a firing is not a life-ending (or even career-ending) thing. When it happens, the shock and devastation can lead to pessimism about your next steps. But try to keep these tips in mind if it happens to you. Know that it’s okay to grieve.Job loss is a huge change. Routine, stability, future planning- all of these are likely upended by the news. It’s okay to let yourself feel the range of emotion after it happens, like anger, depression, fear, and humiliation. You may try to put on a brave face, but don’t try to quash the emotions altogether. Acceptance and moving on mean working through the feelings rather than ignoring them.Take it as an opportunity.No, really. It probably doesn’t feel like one- I know when I got laid off, I felt pes simism creeping in right away. But soon I started to realize that I’d hated my job, and this was a chance to start over without having to make the tough decision to quit and walk away. This job loss does take away some of your own agency (we all want things to be on our own terms), but once it happens, embrace it as a chance to start over. Maybe it’s time for a career change?Don’t lie about it.You’re going to need to move on to a new job, and that means finding a way to spin what happened at your last one. It can be tempting to lie about the circumstances under which you left out of a sense of personal pride or fear of rejection, but don’t do it. If you were fired for a reason, that will likely come up during either reference checks or background checks (if it was serious).On your resume, you don’t need to be specific about what happened. But you should be prepared to discuss it in an interview. â€Å"Why did you leave your last job?† is a common default interview question, and it’s pretty much inevitable that you’ll face it at some point. If you were laid off, a response like â€Å"my position was eliminated† or â€Å"the company downsized† is totally acceptable. If you were fired, you can give a general explanation as to why, and explain a) what you learned from it; and b) how that knowledge makes you a better employee. Second chances are not impossible, but you have to make a good case for yourself.Whatever the circumstances, remember that you’re still alive, and you’re still you. The positive qualities you bring to the table are ultimately more important than your past, so as long as you take the time to learn from the experience and think hard about how to repackage yourself, you can turn it into a career opportunity (if a painful one).

Evidenced Based Medicine and the EMR Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evidenced Based Medicine and the EMR - Article Example Clancy (2013) points to the pharmaceutical drug approval process used in the West as one of the best examples of EBM utilized successfully. Although she makes a valid point of saying that increased direct healthcare spending makes very little impact, the monies spent on research and innovations such as Information Technology. With the average of over ten thousand medical studies at any one time in the US alone, the â€Å"evidence† part of EBM is growing sufficiently enough to make a difference. Even though it could be argued the US Government has a somewhat prejudiced attitude toward Health Information Technology (HIT), the NIH (2013) gives a refreshingly critical work on EBM. Of course, it highlights the strides the Department of Veterans’ Affairs in combining EBM and HIT. Yet the article states that HIT could be more successful if the VA had kept better clinical statistics concerning those research criteria such as smoking, cancer and patient obesity. Therefore, the answer concerning facilitation is that HIT and EBM should go hand in hand, especially considering the new technology available. The case of the forty five year old man with the prostate condition gives a very good scenario as to just how confusing the information technology and EHR system can actually be. The person himself would only visit three separate areas of the massive hospital complex (assumed to be admissions, the surgery suite, his room, and discharge and financials area). Yet his records would travel to an astonishing four different places, not including the test results, which travel to still another three places. The IT system seems to be efficient enough but one can quickly see how EHR is a big improvement over paper patient records, which have the chance of being misplaced in each of the different stops along the way. For instance, the

The Greatest Songs of All Times Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Greatest Songs of All Times - Essay Example It is worth appreciating that there are different types of genres that relay varied messages to the music fans. Perhaps one that has been most common since historical times pertains to the classic rock music genre. This has distinct characteristics that distinguish it from the rest of the genres. Just like other genres, the success of each music is highly depended on the manner in which the writer and composer integrate various musical attributes to come up with a classic masterpiece. It is against this background that this paper provides an explicit review of five classical songs in light of the musical techniques that were employed in their creation. At this point, it is worth noting that through rock music, artists are usually able to pass on important messages in the ‘hardest manner’. In addition to the messages contained therein, the lovers of this music are usually attracted to it because of the musical effect that it has on their feelings. This can be only attaine d through the technique employed by the artists. In this respect, instrumentation plays an important role in attaining this goal. It does not only give the music rhythm and melody, but it also gives it harmony. The interplay of all these factors is important in enabling it to have a positive effect on the audience. In its I can’t get any Satisfaction, The Rolling Stone places great emphasis on the music altitude. This is attained through the artists’ use of sneering vocal and primal temper. According to Morse, its rhythm can be compared to ‘avenging strut† (Morse 46). The horns that the artists use play an instrumental role in improving the harmony of the music. The artists use this to make the piece unique and accord it an upper hand in the music industry. Perhaps the most important aspect of this music pertains to the use of technology. Notably, this has been employed in enhancing the altitude that the artists wished to place emphasis on. The use of the g uitar was particularly important in according this piece of art the rock characteristic. In his Like the Rolling Stones, Bob Dylan and the other musicians use the guitar to achieve a rhythm in this song. During the recording, they also employ other instruments such as tambourine and the Bass. Although these are not noticeable from the outset, their importance in adding to and enhancing the feel of the song cannot be understated. In particular, they integrate into the song a couple of flashes that also contribute significantly to the harmony of the song. In his review, Rooksby indicates that Dylan’s voice contributes a great deal to the idyllic melody that the song exhibits (Rooksby 30). In essence, it gives the song a ‘rocky’ attribute that gives it an upper hand against its competitors. Comparatively, the effect of the artists sounds yields better results than that of the instruments. This is because, through the sound, artists are able to inform the audiences a bout their intention and objective. Statistical evidence indicates that a significant percentage of the audiences place great emphasis on the messages that they are relayed as opposed to the instrumentation. For this reason, the artist’s voice is a great asset that is elemental for their success. In his song, Dylan uses a lilting rock sound effect and makes it nasal and less sing-song. Instead, he makes his voice deep and scratchy.

Reaction Paper (Political Psychology)- Perceptions & Attributions Essay

Reaction Paper (Political Psychology)- Perceptions & Attributions - Essay Example ons are not contrived in vacuum, but have a lot to do with the past held beliefs and prejudices, recent alterations motivated by the framing of political issues and the persuasion techniques used by the vested interests. Granberg aptly defines political perception as the â€Å"process by which people develop impressions of the characteristics and positions of political candidates, parties, and institutions (p.70).† I personally feel that political perceptions do play a vital role in determining outcomes and consequences in a democratic society. The perceptions of the masses towards political candidates and parties do often have a key role in the determination of the vital factors like the levels of satisfaction with the political institutions; trust in the state and the ensuing responses and actions by the citizens (Gadot, 2006). It seems that both the external features and the perceiver’s internal orientation tend to affect the ultimate nature and potency of such perceptions (Granberg, p.70). Moreover, an astute political candidate is often aware of the power that perceptions command in the overall process of the determination of the final political outcomes in a society. That is why it has been seen that political candidates do often tailor their messages to suit the audience they intend to address. For example, Lyndon Johnson often resorted to delivering fiery speeches, when faced with a highly stimulated audience (Granberg, p.71). Pragmatically speaking, political perception is an unpredictable entity determined and influenced by an array of factors that happen to be both subjective and rational at the same time. Still a thorough observance of the political campaigns facilitated by the developments in the digital media has established that persuasion by the political candidates does often have a crucial role in influencing the political perceptions. The paper by Iyengar establishes convincingly that the vantage point from which people perceive a particular

Evaluate the Decision Making Process Assignment

Evaluate the Decision Making Process - Assignment Example Despite the forth coming problems, an effective and true decision, which is taken at right time, may also saves many of the important organizational resources (Ingram, 2010). According to the experts, the basic goal of the decision making process is to achieve some desired and set goals and objectives and avoid negative and poor consequences (Krehbiel, 2012). The firms’ managers always try to take a right decision at right time so that they can support the other organizational activities and thus giving a better output productivity. When any decision is taken in the organizational perspective than for sure it will help the organizational mangers but at the same time there can be some good or best decisions which not only support the organizational system but also add up to the efficiency of the organizational activities and the operations (Krehbiel, 2012). The process of decision making is a systematic progression which actually works in a step by step series. The process may starts with the recognition of the problem. This can be happen when the manager or any of workers may predict or forecast any possible problem or contingency in the very short run for the organization (Heckman & Crowston, 2011). Here it is not necessary that there will be a prediction of the problem rather the manger may come to know about the problem when they are badly struck in it. The critical point is that the manger or the firm mya truly identify the problem in the situation. Many of the mangers may get confuse between the actual problem and its symptoms. In most of the situation, the symptoms are very clear but the mangers may not track the problem exactly. Therefore, at first step the real identification of the problem is very important (Heckman & Crowston, 2011). Now in this situation the managers must carefully analyze all the possible factors and the reasons, so that they may come to know about the difference between the symptoms and the actual problem

Statistics 401 Mod 4 SLP - Regression Analysis Coursework

Statistics 401 Mod 4 SLP - Regression Analysis - Coursework Example The points so formed when the variable values of SAL are plotted against the variable values of the DJIA would have a line of best fit which can be attached to a specific mathematical formula. The mathematical formulae might be linear, exponential, logarithmic, polynomial, moving average and the like. By making use of this formulae, it would be possible to make predictions of other values of the variable SAL and the variable values of the DJIA given the corresponding variable values. Below is a copy of the data that I have collected to date:- SEX AGE SAL(K) DJIA 1 39 23 14 2 29 33 16 2 18 32 16 1 21 54 12 1 50 48 18 2 49 37 16 1 62 70 15 2 23 23 12 1 20 36 13 1 30 35 14 2 32 21 11 1 48 55 16 This data forms a regression pattern and indeed can be used for the prediction of a corresponding element of the data given one. My stock's closing price can be determined from the closing value of the DJIA. The null hypothesis of this distribution is that â€Å"My stock's closing price cannot b e determined from the closing value of the DJIA†. It is usually a statement in negation form which this one is precisely. On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis is that; â€Å"My stock's closing price can be determined from the closing value of the DJIA†. ... In the otherwise case, then the null hypothesis is not right and the alternative hypothesis is taken as the right resolution. I computed a simple regression using the values of the SAL variables as the Y- value and the values of the DJIA variables as the X- values. By so doing, I found the regression results as shown in the screen short below. As can be seen from the results, their indeed is a very slight relationship between My stock's closing price and the closing value of the DJIA. The p-value from the results is very large as it is 2.8. this p- value is much larger than the acceptable value of 0.5. It establishes that indeed the null hypothesis is true. In that regard, I can comfortably say that to some great extent, My stock's closing price cannot be determined from the closing value of the DJIA. This implies that other mechanisms have to be employed in an effort to establish my stock's closing price. REFERENCES Soper, H.E., Young, A.W., Cave, B.M., Lee, A., Pearson, K. (1917). "On the distribution of the correlation coefficient in small samples. Appendix II to the papers of "Student" and R. A. Fisher. A co-operative study", Biometrika, 11, 328-413.

South Korea as the Most Sensitive Optimal Option Assignment

South Korea as the Most Sensitive Optimal Option - Assignment Example The country has also been found to have the lowest inflation rates meaning the stability of cost will be on high. The reliability of suppliers in the country can be interpreted to mean that the quality of products will be at an all-time high. With the best cumulative probability risk for cost labor, planning ahead for the cost of labor is possible. The probability of the cost changing is very low. All these builds on the weight measure trait of maximum cost stability. The infrastructure status of the country and the supplier reliability minimizes the cost of operation for the company. The high number of students enrolling in schools and the high number of people speaking English within the country, project an attainment of maximum geographical and demographic location. The second-ranked country is the Czech Republic with the best G.D.P growth, regional vehicle production, currency issuer credit rating, investment cost, supplier reliability and school enrolment. All these features are traits that propel the Czech Republic to be ranked the send best option after South Korea based on the four weight traits. The locally produced vehicles enable maximum use of the geographical and demographic location. The vehicles are customized to cover the terrains of the country more suitable than imported cars. An advantage of the locally produced vehicles is that they are affordable since there is no importation fee on them. The best decision is not perfect without any challenges. It is also surrounded by a number of challenges that make it not be an ideal situation. The Republic of South Korea is faced with a high corruption perception index, and labor cost. These were the two traits that ranked lowest compare to all the other nations. The investment cost and regional vehicle production of the country are moderate compared to the other countries.  

Statistics 401 Mod 4 SLP - Regression Analysis Coursework

Statistics 401 Mod 4 SLP - Regression Analysis - Coursework Example The points so formed when the variable values of SAL are plotted against the variable values of the DJIA would have a line of best fit which can be attached to a specific mathematical formula. The mathematical formulae might be linear, exponential, logarithmic, polynomial, moving average and the like. By making use of this formulae, it would be possible to make predictions of other values of the variable SAL and the variable values of the DJIA given the corresponding variable values. Below is a copy of the data that I have collected to date:- SEX AGE SAL(K) DJIA 1 39 23 14 2 29 33 16 2 18 32 16 1 21 54 12 1 50 48 18 2 49 37 16 1 62 70 15 2 23 23 12 1 20 36 13 1 30 35 14 2 32 21 11 1 48 55 16 This data forms a regression pattern and indeed can be used for the prediction of a corresponding element of the data given one. My stock's closing price can be determined from the closing value of the DJIA. The null hypothesis of this distribution is that â€Å"My stock's closing price cannot b e determined from the closing value of the DJIA†. It is usually a statement in negation form which this one is precisely. On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis is that; â€Å"My stock's closing price can be determined from the closing value of the DJIA†. ... In the otherwise case, then the null hypothesis is not right and the alternative hypothesis is taken as the right resolution. I computed a simple regression using the values of the SAL variables as the Y- value and the values of the DJIA variables as the X- values. By so doing, I found the regression results as shown in the screen short below. As can be seen from the results, their indeed is a very slight relationship between My stock's closing price and the closing value of the DJIA. The p-value from the results is very large as it is 2.8. this p- value is much larger than the acceptable value of 0.5. It establishes that indeed the null hypothesis is true. In that regard, I can comfortably say that to some great extent, My stock's closing price cannot be determined from the closing value of the DJIA. This implies that other mechanisms have to be employed in an effort to establish my stock's closing price. REFERENCES Soper, H.E., Young, A.W., Cave, B.M., Lee, A., Pearson, K. (1917). "On the distribution of the correlation coefficient in small samples. Appendix II to the papers of "Student" and R. A. Fisher. A co-operative study", Biometrika, 11, 328-413.

Obscenity Laws and the Canadian Charter of Freedom and Rights Essay

Obscenity Laws and the Canadian Charter of Freedom and Rights - Essay Example Canadians are now at risk of suffering from perverse and obscene acts basically due to the Human Rights Act of 1998 overshadowing these laws. The main issue here is that it is impossible for the children of Canada to be safeguarded and protected from instances of child pornography and other ill affects because these laws can not be relied upon fully to efficiently protect their rights in particular. There is no doubt that this holds inexplicit validity as, instead of the obscenity law really helping, it is placing more adverse repercussions onto the children due to the fact that it is unreliable. How can a child find any normalcy and guaranteed protection for their life from child pornography if a court is going to rule it a piece of art Therefore, not only are the children at risk of harm by such actions but the parents who are trying to guard them from being confronted with the various negativities associated with obscenities such as child prostitution and pornography are as well. This is not only off balance in protecting the children's rights and mental health but it is an issue of inequality as well for it appears that the idea of what is art holds more credence in the courts than does the life and well being of a child in particular and there is no equality in that. In this regard these laws are not wholly fair and it is agreed that the following research is true to the f act that these laws are unjust at times. For example, a person accused of child pornography can only be prosecuted if the gathered material is found to be eliciting youth who are underage in obvious sexual acts and even then the proof must be irrefutable1. Undoubtedly, where the main problem with the law is coming in at is in how the Courts are having to ensure that even the violators rights are upheld as well. For instance, an individual can be charged with breaching the obscenity law with regard to child pornography but they can argue that their material is strictly of art and is therefore not obscene. In order to protect each individual's rights in Canada the court must pause and consider the weight of the evidence and decide what degree of obscenity it actually holds if any. As was stated, it isn't fair to the children to even allow room to question child pornography in this regard as it is hurting the children of the country, not helping them. In other words, a child being sexu ally solicited for the false idea of making art is totally wrong and how the courts could construe the law to see it in this light is an injustice to the children and parents of Canada. Pornography is pornography, period. It does not make sense to try and find an art form in child pornography when it is demoralizing the children of the country to do so. However, it is also the law that individuals must show valid proof that an obscene act limited or impinged upon their constitutional rights. If they are unable to provide the factual basis of a claim then the courts will dismiss the case, which too many is unfair as well as unjust in upholding

Violence Against Nurses In Psychiatric Health And Social Care Essay

Violence Against Nurses In Psychiatric Health And Social Care Essay Violence is currently prevalent in every sphere of social life. Nowadays, health care personnel are facing more harsh behaviours than ever before, here in Jordan. The rising rate of violence in health care settings has become a major problem for nurses. Nurses are at considerable risk of occupational (work-related) violence. Working primarily in psychiatric departments resulted in an increased risk for both physical assault and non-physical violence (Nachreiner, et al., 2007). Psychiatric health care providers have high rates of work place violence victimization, but yet little is known about the strategies used by them and their facilities to manage, reduce, and prevent violence (Peek-Asa, et al, 2009). Their presence in stressful situations such as incidents (violent incidents), suicide attempts, waiting to visit a doctor, or transfer of patients to another ward or another hospital exposes them to more abuse or harsh behaviour from patients, families, relatives and friends than oth er hospital staff (Kwak et al., 2006). The motivation of this paper stemmed from a recently news in the media reporting the increased incidents of violence and aggression faced by nurses in Jordanian hospitals. The media news prompted the author to reflect on current knowledge and understanding of these events in both in Jordan and around the world to make recommendations for managing reducing, and prevention of these events in the future. Recommendations for future research in this area were addressed also. Recommendations for future research will enable nurses to deepen their understanding of violence and aggression in psychiatric settings which in turn will lead to improved strategies, policy and practice leading to increased safety for nurses and patients. This paper was intended to be a commentary paper on the phenomena of violence in psychiatric settings; however, to comment on this phenomenon an extensive literature review was conducted and will be presented also. The paper design compared the violence with the cr ime. The perpetrator of this crime is the psychiatric or mentally ill patient, while the victim is the psychiatric/mental health nurse. The scene where the crime occurred is the psychiatric setting. The Aim This paper aims to provide a general understanding of the whole picture of violence against nurses in psychiatric settings. In order to achieve that, this paper addressed the following topics: (1) Recent epidemiology of episodes of violence in psychiatric words, (2) Defining violence and related concepts, types, and forms, (3) The perpetrator, (4) The victim, (5) Prevention of violent incidents, (6) Assessment of violence, (7) Management of violent episodes. Methods The following databases were searched: EBSCO host service databases (Academic Search complete, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL Plus), MEDLINE, Psychology and Behaviours Sciences Collection). These databases were searched for English language papers published between 1 January 2006 and 1 April 2011 using the key words violen* (violence or violent) and in-patient or psychiatric words or psychiatric settings. Limiters were used in each database to include and exclude certain studies. The search was limited to full text articles, available references articles , articles published between 1 January 2006 and 1 April 2011 in scholarly (peer reviewed) journals. Special limiters for Academic Search Complete were periodical publications, English language articles, and articles with PDF full text. Special limiters for CINAHL Plus were articles with available abstract, English language articles, research articles only, articles that considered humans only as research subjects, articles with at least one nurse author, studies conducted in inpatient settings only, and articles with PDF full text. Special limiters for MEDLINE were: articles with abstract available, English language articles, articles that considered humans only as research subjects, articles published in nursing Journals only. Only PDF full text articles were searched in psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection. After completing search, 197 studies resulted. Most of them were included in this paper. However, some were not included because they did not respond to the objects of this paper. Some of studies in references lists of the resultant articles were also reviewed and included for epidemiological purposes even they are older than five years. Some of them were also used for critically reviewing the updated studies (à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¥5 years). Definitions Violence in the workplace can take various forms ranging from abusive language, threats, physical assaults, and even homicide (Wassell, 2009). There are many different definitions of violence. This section will define and differentiate between violence forms and forms. The world Health Organization (WHO) define violence as: The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevlopment, or deprivation (WHO, 2005, p.5). Work-related violence is any activity or event occurred in the work environment involve the international use of physical or emotional abuse against an employee, resulting in negative physical and emotional consequences (Nachreiner, et al., 2007). A less restrictive definition was the definition of Baron and Neuman; they define workplace violence as direct attacks which occur in the work place itself or within an organization (Baron Neumann, 1998). Physical assault is hitting, slapping, kicking, pushing, grabbing, sexually assaulted, or any type of physical contact aimed to injury or harm (Nachreiner et al.). A threat occurred when someone used words, gestures, or actions for freighting another one without attempting harm or injury (Nachreiner et al.). Sexual harassment occurred when one is a subject for any type of unwanted sexual behaviour (words or actions). (Nachreiner et al.). Verbal abuse is calling another person -must be associated with the name- with unfavourable words for the purpose of hurting emotionally injuring. Jenkins (1996) believes that even threat of physical violence is considered physical violence (Jenkins, 1996). WHO determined three types of violent acts: physical, sexual, and psychological (WHO, 2005, p.6). Violence and aggression are two interrelated concepts extensively studied in nursing literature. Although, they are not the same, nursi ng literature widely used them interchangeably. In this paper, violence and aggression will be used interchangeably. Epidemiology The risk of being subjected to violence among health staff is 16 times higher than in other occupational groups in the service sector (Kingma, 2001). There is an escalating alarming trend of all forms and types of violence towards nurses in health care settings (Whelan, 2008). Nurses are at the highest rates of nonfatal workplace assault and violent victimization in all health care settings (Lanza, Zeiaa, Rierdan, 2006). There is a considerable difference in the prevalence and incidence of episodes of violence in mental health settings, depending on the countries in which the studies were carried out. A survey of 4.826 nurses conducted by the American Nurses Association, 17% reported that they have been physically assaulted, and 57% reported that they had been abused in the last year (Peek-Asa, et al., 2009). Also, only 20% reported that they felt safe in their current work environments. Psychiatric nurses are the highest subjects of violent victimization rates of all types of nurse s (Islam, Edla, Mujuru, Doyle, Ducatman, 2003). In an analysis of the results of the Assaulted Staff Action Programme (ASAP) that persists for 15 years; 1.123 mental health nurses (69.58%) were victims of violence by patients. They were the subjects of physical (85.32%), sexual (1.18%), nonverbal intimidation (1.67%), and (6.01%) assaults. 46.34% of injures were soft tissue bruises, 10.16% were head and back injuries, 5.76% were bone/tendon/ligament injures, 12.39% were open wounds, scratches, or spitting incidents, 1.8% were abdominal wounds, and 18.65% were psychological fright. 36.69% were mild injures, 31.52% were moderate, and 14.13% serious and intense (Flannery, Farley, Rego, Walker, 2007). A survey in psychiatric institutions in Switzerland reported that 70% percent of nurses reported being physically attacked at least once in their career (Needham, et al., 2004). A multiregional study of nursing staff members from acute psychiatric settings showed that 76% of the particip ants reported that they were assaulted at least once (Peek-Asa, et al., 2009). In a study in Iran, verbal abuse was experienced by 87.4% of nurses during a 6-month period, and physical violence by 27.6% during the same period of time (Shogi, Sanjari, Shirazi, Heidari, Salemi, Mirzabeigi, 2008). The most frequent and most severe forms of verbal abuse reported were judging and criticizing, accusing and blaming, and abusive anger (Kisa, 2008). In one Arabic study, a national cross sectional survey was conducted in Kuwait to document the prevalence and determinants of violence against nurses in healthcare facilities. 48% of nurses experienced verbal violence; and 7% only experienced physical harm over the previous six months (Adib, Al-Shatti, Kamal, El-Gerges, Al-Raqem, 2002). Another Arabic study in Bahrain, Hamadeh and colleagues found the average assault rate on nurses is 4.4%. (Hamadeh, Al Alaiwat, Al Ansari, 2003). No similar studies were conducted in Jordan. However, this high results may be an emergent indicator of the escalating trend in Jordan and other Arabic countries because of their similar Arabic culture to Kuwait and Bahrain. Epidemiological studies were recommended to conduct to determine the incidence and prevalence of this phenomenon in Jordanian health care settings and especially in mental ones. Despite the high prevalence of violence acts toward nurses, only 20% of violent incidents are reported by nurses. This is due to staff being accustomed to violence; peer pressure not to report; differential reporting based on gender of the victim, fear of blame; excessive paper work; and incomplete or invalid information on reports completed by persons not witness to the event (Crilly, Chaboyer, Creedy, 2004). This problem should also be addressed in future studies to investigate its causes and to solve it. The Victim Nurses are usually the subjects of violence victimization. However, Other mental health care professionals such as physicians and physiotherapists are also at a considerable of violent acts (Stubbs Dickens, 2009). This paper addressed nurses only as subjects of victimization from psychiatric and mentally ill patients. Psychiatric patients assaults on nurses victims are a worldwide occupational problem. There is remarkable consistency in victim characteristics over time (Flannery, Juliano, Cronin, Walker, 2006). Men nurses were exposed to more abuse than women (Shagi, et al., 2008). However, there is an inconsistent finding in the literature identifying whether males or females are more violence-prone (Camerino, Estryn-Behar, Conway, Der Heijden, Hasselhorn, 2008). The risk of experiencing abuse was higher in nurses with more job experience or who worked more hours (Shagi et al.). On the other hand, a longitudinal cohort study showed that younger nurses with less job experiences are at increased risk violence (Camerino et al., 2008). However, exposure to violence was not significantly associated with age, gender, duration of employment in nurses working in child and adolescent psychiatric units (Dean, Gibbon, McDermott, Davidson, Scott, 2010). Having a lower job title (air or practical nurse), b eing in closer contact with patients, having special personality traits, using drug or alcohol, reporting extreme fatigue , may lead to higher risks for aggression and harassment at the workplace (Cooper Swanson, 2002). Nachreiner et al, agree with Copper Swanson on that LPNs an increased risk for both physical assault and non-physical violence compared to RNs (Nachreiner et al, 2007). Violent incidents are often related to the low awareness of nurses about the adequate therapeutic communication skills in dealing with patients (Cooper Swanson, 2002). Perceptions attitudes of nurses on patients violent incidents in psychiatric settings are extensively studied in the literature. Psychiatric nurses attitudes are different across countries (Jansen, Middel, Dassen, Reijneveld, 2006). According to some nurses violence is perceived as dysfunctional/undesirable. Whereas in others, violence is perceived as a functional comprehensible phenomenon (Abderhalden et al., 2002). 97% of participants believed that dealing with aggressive behaviour was a part of work in mental health inpatient unit (Dean, Gibbon, McDermott, Davidson, Scott, 2010). In the same study, 69.7% of participants believed that the current level of physical aggression in the ward was unacceptable, whereas only 12% report that it was acceptable, and the others reported feelings of uncertainty (Dean et al, 2010). They rationalize that by recognize that staff with more positive attitudes exhibited lower state anxiety. There are negative attitudes of nursing students to violen t incidents, and these attitudes are deteriorated over time (Bowers, Alexander, Simpson, Ryan, Carr-Walker, 2007). The perception of aggression scale (POAS) is a newly developed attitude inventory assessing nurses attitude toward aggressive patients (Palmstierna Barredal, 2006). Consequences of violent incidents on nurses were also extensively investigated in the literature. Responses to violence encompassed three major categories relating to physical emotional and professional impact (Dean, et al., 2010). They found that physical injuries divided to: direct injuries from the violent incidents, injuries while implementing restrictive interventions, and physical symptoms such as headache and muscle tension (Dean, et al.). Major physical injuries were on the head, the trunk, the upper and lower extremities (Langsrud, Linakker, Morken, 2007). Ongoing mental fatigue, stress, shock, helplessness, anger, vulnerability, feelings of being emotionally drained, anxious, impaired sleep and concentration were all emotional responses of nurses as a result of being violent (Dean, et al.). Nurses also respond with the following emotions and behaviours: frustration, despair, hopelessness, substance abuse, absenteeism, retaliation and the development of I do not care attitu de (Bimenyimana, Poggenpoel, Myburgh, Niekerk, 2009). The results of verbal abuse or violence by patients, often result in a severe psychological impact in nurses (Inoue, Tsukano, Muraoka, Kaneko, and Okamara, 2006). The most common emotional reaction to violence was anger, followed by shame, humiliation and frustration (Kisa, 2008). The Perpetrator Violence is common among individuals entering mental substance abuse words. Episodes of violence on psychiatric wards have been extensively studied, with one of the main aims being to identify who is more likely to be violent during hospitalization. However, it is difficult to determine that, because violence is a complex behaviour links with a variety of biological, psychopathological, and social factors. 15-years study concludes that older male patients with schizophrenia and younger personality-disordered patients are high-risk assailants (Flannery, Juliano, Cronin Walker, 2006). Antisocial personality disorder poses a great risk for violence among women than men (Yang Coid, 2007). Anxiety disorders and any personality disorder are more severe among violent women; alcohol dependence and hazardous drinking are more severe among violent men (Yang Coid). In a recent literature, Cornaggia and colleagues found that the psychiatric diagnosis most frequently associated with aggressive behaviour is paranoid schizophrenia. As patients with paranoid schizophrenia retain sufficient ability to plan and commit acts of violence related to their delusions (Cornaggia, Beghi, Pavone, Barale, 2011). Higher levels of hostility-suspiciousness predict the worsening of the pattern of violence (Amore et al., 2008). Persecutory delusions appear to increase risk of violence in some patients; co-occurren ce of persecutory delusions and emotional distress may increase the risk of violence (Bjorkly, 2006). Lower social class of origin, offending behaviour in the parental generation loss of the father, a new partnership of the remaining parent, growing up in blended families promoted the development of offending behaviour in general (Stompe, et al., 2006). Past history of violence toward others, substance abuse disorders are risk factors for future violence (Flannery, Julliano, Cronin, Walker). Past history remains the most consistent and stable predictor of future violence (Amore et al., 2008). Dual diagnosed patients with substance abuse disorders and bipolar sample have more violent acts (Grunebaum, et al., 2006). Black and minority ethnic are more often perceived as potentially violent to others (Vinkers, Vries, Van Baars, Mulder, 2009). Internalizing symptoms and affective reactivity contributed to aggression severity more than impulsivity and demographics (Kolko, Baumann, Buks tein, Brown, 2007). Even the month of birth of patients is considered a risk factor of violent behaviour (Cailhol, et al., 2009). Repeatedly violent patients had a higher length of residency, a higher number of previous violent behaviours (Grassi, et al., 2006). A past history of head injury with loss of consciousness was more frequent among persistently physically aggressive patients (Amore, et al., 2007). Assessment Many studies also discussed high risk children in the literature. Aggression appears associated with a wide variety of commonly psychiatric disorders in children (Connor McLaughlin, 2006). Children of bipolar parents are at high risk of hostility, aggression, violence (Farchione, et al., 2007). Adolescent conduct disorder patients are more likelihood to be violent (Ilomak, Viilo, Hakko, Marttunen, Makkikyro, Rasanen, 2006). Children with learning disabilities who had a comorbid psychiatry diagnoses reported a significantly higher amount of peer victimization than children without a cormobid psychiatric disease (Baumeister, Sterch, Geffken, 2007). Many other results showed results opposed to what known. Foley and colleagues found that violence at presentation with first-episode psychosis is not associated with duration of untreated psychosis (Foley, Browne, Clarke, Kinsella, Larkin, O`Callagham, 2007). No substantial evidence support the relation between insight and violence risk (Bjorkly, 2006). The Scene The scene of violence victimization against the psychiatric nurses by psychiatric and mentally ill patients is the psychiatric settings. The structure of the setting can provoke the manifestation of violence (Steffgen, 2008). Also, environmental design have been demonstrated to deter violence (Wassell, 2009). Inadequate staffing levels and lack of opportunities for clients to participate in therapy may provoke violence behaviour (Sturrock, 2010). The role of uncertainty concerning job stability represent a casual factor Also, lack of job security may cause violent behaviour The absence of social support and co-workers increases the risk of nurses in this setting to physical and verbal violence (Steffgen). The occurrence of workplace violence may cause damage to both the individual and the institutions. Organizations may face increased absenteeism, sick leave, property damage, decreased performance and productivity, security costs, litigation, workers compensation, and increasing turn over rates (Jackson, Clare, Mannix, 2002). Prevention Previous nursing literature suggested a number of strategies that can be considered by nurses to prevent violence. There is limited research on effective interventions to prevent patient violence (Kling, Yassi, Smailes, Lovato, Koehoorn, 2010). However, failing to accept and implement preventive measures in psychiatric settings has an impact to reduce violence in these settings (Wassell, 2009). Improved reporting may be of big benefit of reducing physical violence (Nolan Citrome, 2007). This may be occur by early recognition and intervention of potentially occurring violent incidents in the future. After conducting the Violence Prevention Community Meeting (VPCM), a significant decrease in patients violence were found across day, evening and night shift for pre-treatment vs. treatment and pre-treatment vs. post treatment comparisons. VPCM is a semi-structured protocol for the purpose of violence prevention (Lanza, Rierdan, Forester, Zeiss, 2009). Early recognition has strong practical implications for psychiatric nurses by helping them to assist patients with the detection of early warning signs. Early recognition is pay special attention to the early social and interpersonal factors that may deteriorate the patient behaviour to violent one (Fluttert, Meijel, Webster, Nijman, Bartels, Grypdonck, 2008). Steffgen identified many preventative measures of workplace violence such as: measures concerning the physical environment, measures concerning the management of the organizations and the behaviours of the members in the organizations, policies, counselling and training measures (Steffgen, 2008). A 6-module program have been shown to be effective in reducing and preventing violent incidents in a 6-months evaluation period. The 6 modules were about violence risk assessment, theoretical models of violence, assertive training, ethical legal issues of violence management (Anderson, 2006). Dubin et al identified six gold recommendations to prevent violence incidents in psychiatric emergencies. Firstly, all newly admitted patients should be assessed for risk of violence; those who have risk factors should be continually assessed. Second, nurses should avoid evaluating and/or treating patients at risk for violence alone or in an isolated office. Third, nurses must remember that patients violence is a response to feelings of helplessness, passivity, and perceived or actual humiliation; therefore nurses should avoid becoming verbally or physically towards them. Fourth, nurses are supposed to use non-coercive methods such as de-escalation to prevent escalation of patients aggression. Fifth, limit setting should always offer the patient two options with one option being the preferred option. Sixth, an armed patient should not be threatened and the clinician should respond in a non-threatening manner offering help and understanding. Finally, evaluation of environment safety s hould occur periodically and changes should be implemented that will enhance safety (Dubin, Julius, Novitsky, William, 2009). Assessment The first step in mental nursing process and one of the most important duties in psychiatric settings is assessment. Psychiatric nurses are faced with a great number of situations in which risk assessment are needed. Risk assessment is a process concerned with a variety of issues à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬risk for what, when, where, and to whom-not just the were Prediction of future violence (Haggard-Grann, 2007). Predicting violence has been compared to forecasting the weather. Like a good weather forecaster, the nurse does not state with certainty that an event will occur. Instead, he/she estimates the likelihood that a future event will occur. Like weather forecasting, predictions of future violence will not always be correct (Scott Resnick, 2006). Three major types of violence risk assessment are extensively reviewed in the literature. The three types are: (1) Clinical violence risk assessment, (2) Structural risk assessment tools, (3) Functional assessment. The number of risk assessment instruments has increased in the recent years (Haggard-Grann). Risk assessment tools should include situational aspects, behavioural patterns, and predicted events or stressors (Haggard-Grann). The first step when determining which instrument to use for a specific risk assessment is to determine the purpose and context for which the instrument is needed (Haggard-Grann). Decision should be made regarding whether the assessment is for the first time (to separate the highly risk patients from others) or for continuous ongoing assessment (Haggard-Grann). If adopted in clinical practice with a professional way, these instruments will indeed aid in the assessment and early recognition of violent incidents. However, they are inescapable part in the clinical practice in psychiatric settings. (Haggard-Grann). Awareness of the limits and abilities of such instruments is required. Lurigio and Harris underscored the importance of performing more accurate assessment tools that can for example determine the upcoming type of violence, or the likelihood of weapons use (Lurigio Harris, 2009). A risk assessment tool mainly contains two types of factors: static and dynamic. Dynamic factors are of a great importance in a decision context whereas static factors are at less importance. Dynamic factors should be assessed regularly in a structured time schedule (ex. every 1 hr). (Haggard-Grann). Static variables are based on intrapersonal factors (ex., personal biological characteristics) that served as risks factors for a patient to be potentially violent in the future. (Haggad-Grann). Many violent risk assessment tools were developed for the aim to assess the violent incidents in psychiatric settings. Sexual Aggression scale is an effective assessment tool to record systematically the occurrence of sexually aggressive behaviours for patients who reside in psychiatric hospitals. (Jones, Sheitman, Hazelrigg, Camel, Williams, Paesler, 2007). It is a brief scale consists of 4 sub scales with a brief description of them. The Alert System is a system includes a risk assessment form used by nursing staff to assess patients upon admission to the psychiatric setting in order to identify these at an increased risk of violence (Kling, et al ., 2010). If identified as at risk for violence, a flag is placed on the patients chart and wristband to contain staff of a patients potential for violence (Kling et al). The warning is intended to allow workers to take precautions to prevent violent incidents in flagged patients. These precautions may include: wearing a personal alarm, being near a security personals, not having sharp objects in the patients room, and not entering the patients room alone (Kling et al). Study results indicate that the Alert System is effective in identifying potentially violent patients. However, the ultimate goal of implementing the Alert System is to reduce the risk of violent incidents (Kling et al). Risk for in-patient violence in acute psychiatric intensive unit can be a high degree be predicted by nurses using the Broset violence checklist (Bjorkdahl, Olsson, Palmstierna, 2006). The BVC is a method to predict risk for violence from patients within the coming 24 hrs in acute psychiatric inpatient settings (Bjorkdahl, Olsson, Palmstierna). BVC is used to assess the patient three times daily: in the morning, noon, and night shifts (Bjorkdahl, Olsson, Palmstierna). The BVC assess absence or presence of six behaviours: confusion, boisterousness, irritability, verbally, threatening, physically threatening and attacking object (Bjorkdahl, Olsson, Palmstierna). The HCR-20 is a structured professional checklist designed for the assessment of risk future violence in patients with violent history / or a major mental disorder or personality disorders. (De Vogel De Ruter, 2006). The HCR-20 consists of 20 items, divided into three subscales: historical scale, clinical scale, and risk management scale. The predictive validity of the HCR-20 was good (De Vogel De Ruiter). The Forensic Early Warning Signs of Aggression Inventory (FESA) was developed to assist nurses and patients in identifying and monitoring early warning signs of aggression in forensic patients (Fluttert, Meijel, Leeuwen, Bjorkly, Nijman, Grypdonck, 2011). The Maudsley Violence Questionnaire contains 56-items measure a number of cognition (including: beliefs, rules, distortions and attributions) that are related to violence (Warnock-Parkes, Gudjonsson, Walker, 2007). The Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) is a clinical rating scale designed to measure psychopathic attributes in mentally ill patients, Patients who score higher have higher rates of violent recidivism (Scott Resnick, 2006). The PCL uses a semi-structured interview, case-history information, and specific criteria to rate each of 20 items on a three- point scale (0, 1, 2). (Scott Resnick). Total scores (ranging from 0 to 40) reflect an estimate of the degree to which the patient matches psychopathy (Scott Resnick). The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) is a risk assessment instrument of 12 items. It is probably the most well-known assessment instrument aimed to assess dangerousness in high-risk mentally ill patients. It is used to appraise the violence risk in psychiatric and other health settings (Scott Resnick, 2006). It is constructed by taking variables known to predict violent behaviour among men with mental disorders who have records of previous violent behaviour then summarizing the variables into one scheme (Haggard-Grann, 2007). Interactive Classification Tree is a recent tool for assessing the violence risk of patients discharged from psychiatric facilities (Scott Resnick, 2006). This tool utilizes a sequence of questions related to risk factors for potential violence (Scott Resnick). According to the answers, another related question is posed, until the pt is classified into a category of high or low risk of future violence (Scott Resnick). Structured risk assessment tools have inherent limitation when used alone. Criticisms of instruments include the following: they provide only approximations of risks; their use is not generalizable beyond the studied populations: they are rigid, and they fail to inform violence prevention risk management (Scott Resnick, 2006). Functional assessment approaches seek to clarify the factors responsible for the development, expression and maintenance of problem behaviours. This is achieved through assessment of the behaviour of interest, the individuals predisposing characteristics, and the antecedent events, considered important for the initiation of the behaviour, and the consequences of the behaviour, which maintain and direct its developmental course (Daffern, Howells, Ogloff, 2007). They identify 9 common functions of violent behaviour in psychiatric settings in the literature: demand avoidance, to force compliance, to express anger, to reduce tension, to obtain tangibles, social distance reduction (attention seeking), to enhance status or social approval, compliance with instruction, to observe suffering (Daffern, Howells, Ogloff). Functional assessment have many implications for the prediction and prevention of inpatient violence and for the treatment of violent patients. The distinction of functional assessment approaches and structured assessment tools is that the first emphasize the correct classification of the form of a particular behaviour and the other one emphasize the purpose of the behaviour (Daffern, Howells, Ogloff). The clinical risk assessment method is the oldest method of violence risk assessment. It is the classical method of expecting, predicting, and assessing of risk. This means that the nurse gathers the information that he or she believes to be useful and on the basis of that information makes a judgment of the risk (Haggad-Grann, 2007). Unfortunately, this method cannot predict future violence with high accuracy. The accuracy of a

Anticipatory Grief Essays -- Psychology

Grief is a universal reaction experienced by all of us at some time in our lives. The capacity that makes each of us capable of warm, satisfying relationships also leaves us vulnerable to sadness, despair, and grief when such relationships are disrupted (Carr, 1969). Regardless of the actual relationship that might have existed prior to the death, we have the tendency to idealize the relationship once death has occurred and we expect expressions of normal grief. Unfortunately, "normal grief' is what society expects, but the needs of the individual prerequisites putting a label on grief. Because society influences our behavior through the secondary reinforcement of social approval during this time, we are not looking at the primary reinforcer of survival. The needs of each individual can only be understood in the light of knowledge of his/her own developmental background and the particular conflicts being mobilized, and what defenses are being used against these (Maddison & Raphael, 1 972). This same developmental background is important in another aspect of death called anticipatory grief. The term anticipatory grief was first used by Lindemann in 1944 to " ... denote a reaction to separation and the possibility of death rather than the inevitability of death" (Bourke, 1984). Over the years there has been much discussion and research has been done on anticipatory grief. But to this point research evidence is inconsistent. All research points to the fact that anticipated losses that face the individual are very real. "Their emotional investment in the individual's presence, the satisfactions and warmth that they have received through their attachment to her or him, are soon to be ended"(Kalish, 1977). Since Lindemann (... ... management of acute grief. American Journal of Psychiatry, 101, 141-148. Maddison, D. C. & Raphael, B. (1972). The family of the dying patient. In B. Schoenberg, A. Carr, A. Kutscher, D. Peretz, & I. Goldberg, (Eds.), Psychosocial aspects of terminal care (pp. 185-200). New York: Columbia Univ. Press. Marples, M. (1986). Helping family members cope with a senile relative. Social Casework: The Journal of Contemporary Social Work, 67, 490-498. Osterweis, M., Solomon, F., & Green, M. (1984). Bereavement: Reactions, consequences, and care. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Rando, T. A. (1988). Anticipatory grief: The term is a misnomer but the phenomenon exits. Journal of Palliative Care, 4, 70-73. Rando, T. A. (1989). Anticipatory grief. In R. Kastenbaum & B. K. Kastenbaum (Eds.), Encyclopedia of death (12-15). Phoenix: The Oryx Press.

The Catastrophic Impact of Rising Oceans on the Pacific Islands Essay

The Catastrophic Impact of Rising Oceans on the Pacific Islands All over the world indigenous communities are faced with an array of new problems, though the public continues to gain insight into the lives of these people they continue to be marginalized in the global arena as well. The Pacific Islands are an entity far removed from the minds of most westerners. The primary focus of any political discourse within the United States places most emphasis on Australia and New Zealand ignoring the smaller less politically salient states. However, it is these smaller islands that will bare the brunt of one huge problem in the future, global warming. For the purpose of this paper I will ignore the polemics of global warming and not hypothesize whether or not it actually has any permanent adverse effects on the ecosystems of the world or whether or not it is cyclical. Instead, I will focus on the evidence already documented within the Pacific Island states, evidence which lends strong support to the notion that the earth is getting warmer and the oceans are rising. For the people of the lowland Pacific Islands it doesn’t matter if the current warming is a temporary trend that will reverse itself in a few centuries, they will have to deal with it on a much more short-term basis. The ocean has already begun to change and for the people of the Pacific Islands that is a major concern, it could be catastrophic if left unattended. The prospect of rising waters in the oceans has a transcendent effect on the Pacific Islands. Not only will the oceans rise and the seas become more torrent, their very cultures could be uprooted and their modes of existence forever changed. Recently a new study conducted by the National Oceanographic Data C... ...rliest Washington cherry blossom peak...Almost no one disputes the fact that a substantial rise in sea level would be a bad thing, inundating first a number of oceanic nations such as the Marshall Islands and Vanuatu in the Pacific, and the moving on to eat up places like Manhattan and the world’s other great coastal cities...The plight of Washington’s cherry blossoms pale by comparison. The National Park Service is making no promises, but barring a catastrophic petal-scattering storm, it appears there will be enough blossoms around on April 9th to avoid total embarrassment at this years parade. Bibliography: Smith, Donald National Geographic News@nattionalgeographic.com Pacific Islands Report GPI Atlantic www.gpiatlantic.org Vanishing Islands www.ourplanet.com Warming Hits Hard in Pacific www.ABCNEWS.com Environmental News Network www.ENN.com

Misogny in a Street Car Named Desire

Women and Misogyny and Fatalism in Tennessee Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire Tennessee Williams wrote this critically acclaimed play during the 20th century when women and their place in society were greatly challenged. According to Boydston (2004) men were breadwinners and women resided in the home where they would raise children and maintain the home. As protector of the home, women exhibited characteristics such as piety, purity and domesticity. The notion of women entering the workforce, she continued, threatened the ideals of true womanhood and masculinity.In other words the woman’s foray into the man’s sphere violated the separation of roles between men and women because the ‘public sphere’ was reserved for men. It is this ideology that forms the basis for the misogynistic and fatalistic view of women in the play. Fatalism as defined by Abrams (2005) is the belief that all events are predetermined and are; therefore, inevitable. As a consequ ence, a submissive attitude to events results from such a belief.Through characterization and the choice of dramatic genre, The Streetcar Named Desire exposes the deleterious effects of misogyny on women and the dominance that men wield over subservient powerless women. The characterization of the dominant characters in the play develops the idea of misogyny and fatalism. Stanley the male dominant in the play is seen as an alpha male. True to the custom of Williams’ characterization of men from the North, Stanley is cast as a ‘brutish’ character who ‘sizes women up at a glance with sexual classifications’.Stanley does not regard women as being valuable apart from their worth in slaking his sexual desires. Stanley believes that women exist to serve his needs, respect him and obey him without question. This is in keeping with the era in which the play was written and the fact that men were seen as the stronger of the sexes. His language and behaviour a re laden with vulgar sexual overtones. Stanley Kowalski objectifies women as he values their physique; however, he ignores the innate needs and complexities of the women he claims as his.Stanley uses sex and his brute strength to subdue the women who fall into his circle. After physically abusing his wife he uses sex to substantiate his insincere apology. He also uses sex to comfort Stella after Blanche leaves and ultimately rapes Blanche in order to regain his sense of manliness and bring her down from the ‘columns’ she had built her life on which seemed superior to him. In scene one, Stanley forces a packet of met upon his wife; this symbolizes his male dominance in an increasingly patriarchal society. He acquires a feeling of superiority from this standpoint.Williams depicts Stanley receiving his wife's fondness with â€Å"lordly composure†; this insinuates that Stanley believes that he deserves his wife's respect and devotion without having to work for it in any way because he is a man; he believes that she should have these feelings towards him as a matter of automation. The statement: â€Å"Be comfortable is my motto,† is extremely true for Stanley as he does what he wishes and disregards the consequences. Through dialogue such as this, Williams asserts that Stanley inherently fails to take into account the repercussions his own requirements and desires have on others.He is in total control and the only person endowed with power; therefore the only person he takes into consideration – and the only person his wife is allowed to take into concern – is himself. The fatalistic view of women is evident in William’s characterization of Stanley’s misogynistic behaviour which is promulgated by his passive wife Stella. She accepts his crude behaviour and cleans up after him. Stella does not think for herself and as a result she fears life without her abusive husband. She depends totally on him for economic su rvival and for her sense of self.As a result she acquiesces to his every whim and fancy and accepts and blames herself for his physical and verbal abuse. She betrays her own thoughts and chooses her husband and places her sister in an asylum. By refusing to believe that Stanley raped her sister, she reconciles her decision to continue living with him. Williams’ depiction of Stella alludes to the idea that her future is linked to her submissive nature and the tenets of fatalism. She hardly speaks and when she does her speech is barely audible. Stella is presented as a flat character with no imagination or complexities.Additionally, Blanche is cast as a foil to the misogynistic Stanley and the polar opposite of her sister, Stella. From the first scene, Williams creates antagonism between Blanche and Stanley and this sets the stage for the descent and discord that runs from beginning to denouement in the play. The seeming purity and lofty air proffered by Blanche is only an atte mpt at sophistry to hide the shame of her promiscuous life. Her education allows her to play the part of the demure genteel lady, while being willing to seduce an unsuspecting newspaper boy.Blanche uses her sexuality to achieve things and although she may seem different from Stella in her vociferous opposition to Stanley’s physical abuse, the two sisters were very alike in that they found their own sense of self and value in their relationships with men. Williams underscores this with his discussion of Blanche’s promiscuity, the death of her homosexual husband, and her relationships with students at the school at which she taught. Blanche flirts and teases Stanley until she receives the onslaught of his overpowering primal animalistic behaviour, when she is raped.Through this ultimate transgression, Williams shows that the women of that era who tried to escape the prescribed roles assigned to them will be destroyed. Stanley’s outright disgrace of Blanche allows him to gain the transcendence and puts her effectually in her place. Blanche seems fated for this as she has built a fantasy world for herself where she is constantly pretending. One would think that as a result of her constant incredulous construction of reality other that what it is, Blanche was fated to the mental breakdown which she experienced at the end of the play.In addition to characterization, Williams also uses the dramatic genre to create the misogynistic and fatalistic view of women in the play. The play is written as a modern tragedy. Griffith (2006) describes a tragedy as a subgenre of drama that, according to Aristotle, contains conventions such as a larger-than-life hero whose flaw brings about a precipitous fall and whose fate inspires pity and fear in the audience. In the play, A Streetcar Named Desire, Blanche is this heroine whose actions grab the attention of the audience/reader.From her entrance her incongruity with Elysian Fields, is evident. She is from Bell e Reve, a place of â€Å"beautiful dreams†. Blanche’s great flaw is that she fails to accept the changes that are happening in the world. She tries to recapture her lost virtue and the respect she once had through pretense, deceit, self-aggrandizement and pride. Her fantastical ideas about what she deserves are exposed by her hypocrisy. Her vanity makes her rude and obnoxious as she believes that she was better than those with whom she had to share the ‘hovel’.Finally her lies cause her to lose the love she tries to gain and the sanity she tries to preserve. Her deceit and callous treatment of others, in an attempt to make herself seem superior, result in her final delusion and separation from reality. The men she loves disappoint her, and she, even in a delusive state, finds that she must depend on a man for sustenance. Blanche’s tragedy comes from her own vanity, duplicity and wantonness which she hides under her superior intellect and vocabulary.